1.What political, economic, and technological factors allowed Spain and Portugal to explore new trade routes?

2. Why were the Spanish able to establish a territorial empire in the New World

3. What were the long-term political effects of the Protestant Reformation.

4.Who was Machiavelli and what political advice did he advocate?

5.What were the most important elements of the Columbian exchange?

6.How did the Atlantic system affect Europe, Africa, and the Americas?